When you're looking into waste disposal methods, it's often helpful to have a waste guide for small businesses and other generators of hazardous waste. 下面的危险废物处理指南将详细讨论危险废物，解释 federal regulations governing different categories of hazardous waste generators and offer advice on choosing a reliable waste transportation company.
What Is Hazardous Waste?
危险废物是指可能对人类健康或环境造成重大危害的任何废物. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains a list of regulations that generators and transporters must comply with to ensure safety, 环境和公民的健康和清洁.
Identification of Hazardous Waste
当你的企业试图识别有害废物时，它通常 helpful to ask questions like these:
1. Is the Material a Solid Waste?
首先要问自己的问题是，这种材料是否是固体废物. Even if they have toxic properties, 一些非固体材料不在EPA指导方针的监管范围之内.
2. 废物是否被排除在危险废物的定义之外?
有些废物虽然有潜在危险，但不属于危险废物的定义. 例如，大多数放射性废物没有作为危险废物受到监管. 因为放射性废物的特殊性质和危险性, 一套不同的具体规定管理着它的处置.
3. 该废物是列明的或特有的危险废物吗?
To aid in regulation, the EPA maintains lists of specific, 命名为危险废物和分类为危险废物，因为某些特性.
Listed Wastes
所列的废物出现在环保局的F、K、P和U清单上.
广泛的F和K清单包括来自普通工业和制造过程的废物. They include materials such as these:
- Spent solvent wastes
- Electroplating wastes
- Wastes from petroleum refining
- Wastes from chemicals manufacturing
- Wastes from explosives manufacturing
广泛的P和U清单包括各种未使用的废弃化学品的配方，例如:
- Allyl alcohol
- Benzene
- Cyanides
- Fluorine
- Methoxychlor
- Thallic oxide
- Characteristic Wastes
特征废物可能具有以下四种不同性质之一:
- Corrosivity: 这些废物通常具有极高或极低的pH值，可以腐蚀钢铁.
- Ignitability: 这些废物可能是具有低闪点的液体, 可引起火灾的可燃压缩气体或非液体.
- Reactivity: 活性废物在标准条件下往往是不稳定的, react with water, 当它们受热时会释放有毒气体或引起爆炸.
- Toxicity: 有毒废物被吸收或摄入后会对身体造成伤害.
4. Is the Waste Delisted?
In the classification of hazardous waste, 检查废物是否仍在清单上或已被除名也很重要. It's possible that the waste in question appeared on the EPA's official hazardous waste lists at one time but has since been delisted at a facility's request. 在这种情况下，废物不受危险废物的管制.
Examples of Hazardous Waste
What are some examples of hazardous waste? Below are a few common ones:
- Solid waste: Solid waste may take a tremendous range of forms — some common examples include mercury-containing batteries, fluorescent light bulbs, wood preserved with creosote, 油漆展位过滤器和油漆或染色用过的破布.
- Liquid waste: Hazardous liquid waste may take the form of flammable liquids like paints and solvents and corrosive fluids like acids, as well as oxidizers, poisons and many other hazardous products.
- Chemical waste: 有些废物是危险的，因为它的化学成分. 危险的化学产品，如许多杀虫剂, 溶剂和试剂是化学废物的例子.
- Spent oil: 许多商业和工业过程产生废油作为副产品. Spent oil is a hazardous waste and must undergo the same stringent disposal process as other hazardous wastes.
环保署的“从摇篮到坟墓的危险废物管理计划”
In the management of hazardous waste, the 资源保护和恢复法案 of 1976 gives the EPA the authority to hold commercial and industrial waste generators responsible for their waste "from the cradle to the grave."
什么是EPA的“从摇篮到坟墓”废物管理计划?
The requirement for the EPA's cradle-to-grave concept in hazardous waste management means waste generators are responsible for their waste for its entire life span — that is, 从产生废物到储存废物, transport and ultimate disposal or treatment.
Practically speaking, this provision means waste generators are liable for their waste at every step. 如果发生泄漏和溢出，负责任的公司可能会受到罚款或其他处罚. The EPA is working toward new standards 危险废物管理的“从摇篮到坟墓”概念.
资源保护和恢复法案
What is the piece of legislation that gives the EPA cradle-to-grave hazardous waste regulation authority?
Congress passed the RCRA in 1976. RCRA制定了一个管理危险和危险物品的框架 non-hazardous waste，并赋予环保局从摇篮到坟墓的管理权力. It sets forth the hazardous waste management guidelines that waste generators and transporters must abide by. 自1976年通过以来，它已经收到了一些修改，以增加要求, 加强执法措施，并允许在某些情况下灵活规管.
Regulations for Hazardous Waste Generators
美国环保署规定的危险废物产生者的类别是什么? And what are some of the federal hazardous waste management regulations in place for hazardous waste generators? Read below to learn more.
Categories of Hazardous Waste Generators
Below are the EPA's three defined categories of hazardous waste generators.
1. Very-Small-Quantity Generators
极少量发电机(vsqg)是生产这两种产品的企业
- 一个月处理220磅或更少的危险废物
- 2.一个月2磅或更少的严重危险废物
- 每月不超过220磅的急性泄漏残留物或土壤.
EPA对极少量发电机的一些要求包括:
- vsqg必须识别他们产生的所有危险废物.
- vsqg必须在任何时候将其废物积累限制在1,000磅或更少的危险废物.
- VSQGs must ensure the delivery of their hazardous waste to an individual or facility authorized to manage it.
2. Small-Quantity Generators
小批量发电机(sqg)的产量超过220磅，但不到2磅,204 pounds of hazardous waste a month.
以下是EPA对小批量发电机的一些主要要求:
- 垃圾处理厂未经许可，存放危险废物的时间不得超过180天. They may, however, accumulate waste for up to 270 days if they intend to ship it more than 200 miles.
- 工厂不得一次累积超过13,227磅的现场危险废物.
- SQGs must comply with the relevant hazardous waste manifest requirements and pre-transport guidelines found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
- SQGs must also comply with relevant CFR preparedness and prevention requirements as well as all applicable land disposal regulations.
- SQGs must always have at least one employee available to act as an emergency coordinator and direct emergency response efforts. 然而，sqg不需要保留详细的书面应急计划.
3. Large-Quantity Generators
大型发电机(lqg)产生:
- 一个月要处理2204磅或更多的危险废物
- More than 2.一个月2磅的严重危险废物
- 每月超过220磅的急性泄漏残留物或土壤.
以下是EPA对大量发电机的一些主要要求:
- lqg储存废弃物不得超过90天. 不过，这条规则也有一些例外.
- lqg可能在现场积累危险废物，没有重量限制.
- lqg必须在适当的容器中管理废物, containment buildings, drip pads or tanks. 在这样做时，他们必须遵守所有相关的CFR要求.
- LQGs must comply with all applicable CFR hazardous waste manifest requirements and all pre-transport guidelines.
- lqg还必须遵守所有相关的CFR预防措施, 准备和应急程序要求, 以及所有适用的土地处置限制条件.
- lqg必须每两年提交一份危险废物报告. This report, 国家两年一次的RCRA危险废物报告, covers the nature, 工厂产生的所有危险废物的数量和处置.
发布了生成器指南的最新更改 some flexibility for waste generators. Under the new regulations, a generator no longer needs to upgrade to a higher category for temporary increases in hazardous waste creation. 发电机仍然必须遵守其当前分类等级的所有规则规定.
这些变化还允许符合vqg资格的公司将其废物运送到LQG, 前提是整个过程都由一个人控制.
危险废物运输条例
到目前为止，我们主要讨论了储存危险废物的要求. 管理危险废物运输的附加条例.
The EPA classifies hazardous waste transporters as any individuals who perform off-site transportation services for hazardous waste within the United States. 非现场运输通常是指将货物运送到另一个设施进行储存, 处理或处置，而不是在单一财产或相邻财产内运输.
Below are some of the main requirements for hazardous waste transporters:
1. Procuring an EPA Identification Number
lqg和sqg必须获得EPA ID号码，尽管vsqg不受此要求.
EPA的ID号为EPA提供了追踪危险废物运输的可靠方法. 除非获得豁免，否则没有这些数字之一的公司不能运输危险废物. The number identifies the company as a whole, 因此，如果许多卡车属于同一个运输车队，它们可能使用相同的身份证号码.
2. 利用危险废物舱单制度
所有危险废物运输必须遵守EPA的危险废物清单系统. 美国环境保护署要求发电机为每批废物填写一份危险废物清单, 舱单必须随时随货. Each designated transporter or facility must sign and date the manifest and keep a copy on file for three years.
3. Responding to Hazardous Waste Discharges
Hazardous waste transporters must have effective protocols for responding to discharges immediately. These actions may include cleaning up the area until it no longer poses an environmental or health threat, 在该地区筑堤或通知有关地方当局排放情况.
A serious spill or accident requires the transporter to call and notify the National Response Center (NRC). The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) may also require the transporter to file a written incident report.
4. 符合DOT危险材料法规
所有运输商必须遵守适用的美国.S. DOT有害物质法规，包括对以下活动的要求:
- Labeling
- Marking
- Placarding
- Handling containers
- Responding to spills as outlined above
5. Utilizing Transfer Facilities
At some point along the route, 运输商可能需要将废物放置一夜或几天. 运输船可以在转运设施中存放废物，包括停车场等空间, 装货码头和储存区-在没有许可证的情况下最多可停留10天. 如果废物在设施内停留超过10天, 该设施成为存储设施，并受所有适用法规的约束.
Hazardous Waste Recycling
回收有害废物，或至少是其中的一些成分，往往是可能的. For instance, hazardous waste sometimes contains metal components with high value for reuse in other products or processes. 设施也可以再生物质，如废溶剂. 适当的危险废物回收有助于减少污染, decrease raw materials consumption, 尽量减少能源使用，减少需要处理的废物量.
The EPA maintains a set of hazardous waste recycling 保护人类健康和环境的准则. The applicable guidelines will depend on whether the material is subject to RCRA hazardous waste regulation.
具有替代管理标准的材料
对于某些可回收的有害物质，环保局制定了 alternative management standards to encourage recycling of these materials. 其中一些材料包括:
- 用于回收贵重金属的材料
- 可回收材料的使用方式相当于处置
- Reclaimed lead-acid batteries
- Universal waste
- Used oil
- 废物在工业炉和锅炉中燃烧
The EPA is encouraging the addition of aerosol cans to its list of universal wastes. 这一规定有助于许多零售业和市政府采取更多的回收方法, keeping cans from landfills and incinerators. The revised guidelines still require appropriate labeling during storage and processing by a qualified facility.
In addition, certain exemptions exist for radiological and pharmaceutical waste as well as academic laboratory waste. 任何其他有害物质都在危险废物管理规则的全面保护之下, even if recyclable.
Hazardous Waste Treatment
危险废物在土地处置前往往必须经过处理. The treatment removes contaminants and makes the waste less harmful so it will not pose a threat to human health or the environment if it leaks into the soil or groundwater.
The requirements for hazardous waste treatment depend on whether the waste is a listed or characteristic waste. For some hazardous wastes, such as debris, soil, lab packs and residues, the EPA has established alternative treatment standards that make treatment goals more achievable for most generators and cleanup projects.
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Methods
Improperly disposing of hazardous waste threatens habitats and human life by destroying ecosystems, causing health problems, 制造更容易发生火灾或其他安全隐患的不安全环境. Safe, organized hazardous waste management creates a safer work environment and encourages more sustainable practices for your facility.
在“从摇篮到坟墓”的整个过程中，必须仔细管理危险废物, including the following:
- How your facility generates the waste.
- 您的设施如何将危险废物运送到处理或处置中心.
- 使用了哪些危险废物处理方法.
- 必要时进行适当的危险废物处理.
One method of saving hazardous waste disposal for laboratories and facilities across industries is lab packing services. 无论选择何种方法，都必须符合RCRA危险废物处理准则.
选择危险废物运输公司
既然你已经阅读了我们的危险废物管理指南, you're in an excellent position to make an informed decision about your waste transportation company.
As you choose a company for industrial waste removal or to help you respond to an emergency, look for a business with extensive experience in handling the types of waste your facility produces. 你还应该尽可能多地收集有关公司惯例的细节. Ensure that they are responsible, sustainable, 可靠，并能使您遵守适用的当地和联邦法规.
Chem clean提供可靠的废物处理服务
在Chem clean，我们将很荣幸成为您的选择 hazardous waste disposal. 在危险废物行业有超过20年的经验, 我们拥有丰富的知识和行业专业知识，可以帮助您实现废物管理目标. We offer a quick turnaround time, friendly service and cost-effective solutions that help you dispose of waste quickly at a price that fits your budget. 我们平易近人、值得信赖的专业人员乐于为您服务 consult with you 关于最适合您企业的废物管理计划. Areas we serve include Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and more.
Contact us 今天要安排危险废物的运输，明天要更清洁.
